What is the evolutionary benefit of evil ?

Blaise www

The problem with looking for an evolutionary advantage to something like “evil”, is that evil is a construct of the human mind, not a real thing.

Murdering babies seems pretty evil to you and me, but many societies through history have willingly sacrificed babies to their gods, and thought themselves doing “good”, as defined by their own morals. The same dichotomy exists for helping/enslaving your neighbors, rape, theft, etc.

So no, there’s no evolutionary advantage to evil, because we invented it long after we evolved as a species.

If you want to ask about the evolutionary advantage of a particular behavior, like theft or rape, you’ll probably get a more definite and scientifically defensible answer.

Mike the Infidel www

The problem with your elaboration is that viewing human society in a similar way as we view an ant farm would be viewing it as something that it isn’t. Human social structures are vastly different from ant social structures.

I understand that many people like to try to wholly explain moral behavior from an evolutionary standpoint, but I think that’s a mistake. I feel it’s more likely that there’s a base set of instincts that have grown into all of us because they provided evolutionary benefits to our populations – cooperation, reciprocal altruism, etc. – that, combined with man-made social contracts, lead to the more complex matrix of moral behaviors we have now, which is always changing along with the zeitgeist.

Akusai www

I don’t really think evil, however you want to conceive it, requires an explanation any more than the blind spot in the eye. What to some may appear “failures” of evolution are actually expected results because one very important (and often overlooked or misunderstood) facet of evolution is that it does not optimize. Evolution is a least-worst process. It does not, as a rule, generate organisms that reproduce as best as possible; rather, it generates organisms that reproduce just as well as they need to continue the species.

To put it a bit more pithily, evolution is not, in fact, survival of the fittest. It is survival of the least unfit. Thus apparently “maladaptive” traits can survive so long as they don’t seriously endanger an individual’s chances of surviving until sexual maturity and popping out a couple of offspring.

Eric_PK

I think you’re confused.

Not everything facet of animals needs to have an evolutionary advantage for it to persist.

There are two possibilities.

First, it might be that the things you mention aren’t common enough to have much evolutionary impact at all.

A more likely possibility is that there are more important advantages tied to the same thing that you call evil. That’s common in the physical realm – the same genetic code that causes sickle-cell anemia is very advantageous if you live in an area with malaria.

Eshu www

The ‘good’ behaviours you mentioned all apply only to social creatures. Those within the group must play by the rules and help others or be kicked out.

The ‘bad’ behaviours might be evolutionarily helpful to a creature which has no social group (either because they’re not a social animal or because they’ve been kicked out). In the latter case it could be seen as a last desparate effort to get some food or a mate.

As an aside, I’m not sure what this has to do with atheism, and you’d probably be better off asking an evolutionary biologist (which I’m not).

Paula Kirby

There is a very interesting video of a conference talk on morality from an evolutionary point of view.

Tests performed on groups of people from the widest possible range of backgrounds, cultures, races, religions, ages, education levels etc, have consistently shown that 4 out of 5 of us will choose the ‘moral’ option. And, pretty consistently, 1 out of 5 will cheat if they think they’ll get away with it.

It’s pretty commonsensical, when you think of it. We have evolved as social animals, which means that, for Mr or Ms Average, doing what conforms to society’s values probably will give us our best chance of success in an evolutionary sense (ie. retaining our lives and our freedom long enough to be able to pass our genes into the next generation).

However, for those people who are cunning enough to stay one step ahead of the rule-enforcers and can therefore generally avoid getting caught – this is the 1 in 5 – BREAKING society’s co-operative ‘moral’ norms may well give them the best chance of success.

And so we find both traits surviving, in those proportions. The absolute consistency of the results of the ‘moral testing’, regardless of culture, age, religiosity, nationality, race, gender etc etc certainly points towards an evolutionary explanation rather than a cultural one; and certainly not a religious one, since whether someone is religious or not, and which religion they follow if they are, makes no difference whatsoever to the moral choices made by the people being tested.